Grundstrukturen der englischen Grammatik

1 A/An (Indefinite article)
2 Adjectives
- Komparativ:
Tom was fast. Mary was faster.
My house is big. Your house is bigger.

- Superlativ:
Ann was the fastest.
Their house is the biggest.
angry - angrier - the angriest
happy - happier - the happiest
friendly - friendlier - the friendliest
- Komparativ:
This watch is more expensive than that watch.
- Superlativ:
And this is our most expensive watch.
Es ist keine schlechte Idee, diese Adjektive zu lernen.
Hier sind die häufigsten:
boring, careful, dangerous, difficult, exciting, expensive, famous, important, interesting, modern, old-fashioned, popular, terrible
good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
far - farther - the farthest
much - more - the most
little - less - the least
My dog is as clever as your dog.
(=Mein Hund ist so klug wie dein Hund.)
My dog isn’t as clever as your dog.
(=Mein Hund ist nicht so klug wie dein Hund.)
My dog is clever than your dog.
(=Mein Hund ist klüger als dein Hund.)
Mrs Smith is less boring than her husband.
(=Mrs Smith ist weniger langweilig als ihr Mann.)
Mr Smith is smore boring than his wife.
(=Mr Smith ist langweiliger als seine Frau.)
brauchst du es nicht zu wiederholen. Solche "allein stehenden"
Adjektive kommen besonders häufig bei der 2. Steigerung
(Superlativ) vor:
Tom is the biggest boy in our class. He’s also the oldest.
(Statt: He’s also the oldest boy.)
"Fraggles" are the cheapest biscuits on the market.
They’re also the biggest and the best!
(Statt: They’re also the biggest biscuits and the the best biscuits.)
(Substantive, Hauptwörter) benutzen:
It’s the rich that get the money. It’s the poor that get the blame.
The good, the bad and the ugly.
All puplic buildings should have ramps for the disabled.
She helped the sick and the old.
It was a very old car.
These shoes are too small for me.
 
3 Adverbs
happy - happily, angry - angrily, nice - nicely, terrible - terribly,
quick - quickly.
beschreiben Personen und Dinge (Substantive, Nomen) und
Adverbien (=Umstandswörter) beschreiben ein Verb.
John and Chris are playing happily in the garden.
Do your homework carefully.
My new dress goes nicely with this handbag
.
weise ein Adjektiv benutzen:
She sounds nice. Und nicht: She sounds nicely.)
He feels lucky (Und nicht: He feels luckily.)
Diese Verben sind leicht gelernt: feel (= fühlen), look (= aussehen),
sound (= klingen, anhören), taste (= schmecken).
He smells bad. (=Er riecht schlecht./Er stinkt.)
He smells badly. (= Er kann nicht gut riechen.)
She feels nice. (= Sie fühlt sich gut an.)
She feels nicely. (= Sie kann gut abtasten.)
They taste good. (= Sie schmecken gut, d.h. ihr Geschmacks-
sinn ist gut entwickelt.)
fast -fast, hard - hard, good - well
She’s a fast player. She plays tennis fast.
He’s a hard man. He works hard.
The’re good workers. They work well.
Wendy works more carefully than her sister, but Tom works the most carefully.
Jim writes more slowly than Alice and Tim writes the most slowly.
I run fast. But Tom runs faster. And Ann runs the fastet.
Mary tries hard. Bill tries harder. I try the hardest.
I play tennis well. Mike plays it better. Carol plays it the best.
Mum plays golf badly. Dad plays it worse. It play the worst.
Wie sieht dann das Verb aus? - Ganz einfach, es gibt keins! Du musst es so schreiben:
Mrs Jones always speaks in a friendly way.
She walked very slowly and carefully.
He lives too dangerously.
I think he’s trying too hard.
 
4 Be
Die Kurzformen werden oft benutzt. ( Simple present Þ 38)
-
Bei positiven Aussagen:
I’m hungry. You’re hungry. He’s ... . She’s ... . It’s ... . We’re ... .
You’re ... . They’re ... .
- Bei negativen Aussagen:
I’m not happy. You aren’t ... . He isn’t ... .She isn’t ... . It isn’t ... .
We aren’t ... . They aren’t ... .
- Bei Fragen (Þ33) wird das Verb an den Satzanfang gestellt.
Die Kurzformen werden nur bei negativen Kurzantworten benutzt:
Am I right ? - Yes, you are./ No, you aren’t.
Are you eleven ? - Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.
Is he nice ? - Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.
Is she clever ? - Yes, she is./No, she isn’t.
Are we wrong ? - Yes you are./No, you aren’t.
Are they friends ? - Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
(Simple past Þ37)
-
Bei positive Aussagen:
I was at school. He was ... . She was ... . It was ... .
You were at home. We were ... . They were ... .
-Bei negativen Aussagen:
I wasn’t hungry. He wasn’t ... . She wasn’t ... . It wasn’t ... .
You weren’t there . We weren’t there. They weren’t there.
- Bei Fragen und Kurzantworten:
Was Linda at the youth club ? - Yes, she was.
Were John and Sandra at the party ? - No, they weren’t.
Who was at the youth club yesterday ? - Tom was.
What were their names ? - Sid and Paul.
- Bei positiven Aussagen wird die Kurzform sehr häufig benutzt:
I’ll be in front of the cinema at 6.30.
He’ll be under the station clock on platform three.
She’ll be there. It’ll be great!
You’ll be sorry!
We’ll all be rich and famous.
They’ll still be here when I get back.
- Vorsicht bei der negativen Form.Nicht will not, sondern won’t:
I won’t be there. He won’t be ... . She won’t be ... . It won’t be ... .
You won’t be pleased. We won’t be ... . They won’t be ... .
Man kann will not aber zur besonderen Betonung benutzen:
I will not sit next to Fred!
-Bei positiven Fagen und Kurzantworten steht die Langform:
Will you be at the Computer Club tomorrow ? - Yes, I will.
Will
I be happy there ? - Yes, you will.
- Bei negativen Fragen und Kurzantworten Steht die Kurzform:
Won’t you be cold wirhout your coat ? - No, they won’t.
Won’t
they be tired when they arrive ? - No, they won’t.

 
5 Can
I can speak French.
He can talk fast.
We can read Italian newspapers.
They can use a computer.
I can’t help you.
She can’t sing.
It can’t talk..
You can’t sit there.
We can’t play well.
They can’t see us.
Can I help you?
Can he dance?
Can it see us?
Can you sing?
Can we do that?
Can they play tennis?

Can I have a sandwich, please?
Can you carry these bags, please?
Can we open the window, please?
( I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they ) gleich.
Sally could juggle six eggs and three balls and drink a glass of water
- all at the same time!
I couldn’t ride a bike when I was five.
Tom was able to swim to the boat.
I wasn’t able to help him.
Was he able to save them all?

Bill and Sandra were able to swim to the island.
My friends weren’t able to find our house.
Were the Jones sisters able to win the bike race?
bedeutet auch "könnte".
Du kannst es bei Bitten und Aufforderungen benutzen.
Could you help me homework, please ?
Could you pass me the salt, please ?
Als Ersatz musst du be table to benutzen.
Will Harry be able to play football again next Saturday ?
Yes, Harry will be able to play football next Saturday.
But he won’t be able to play football again tomorrow.
Will I be able to play the piano when my hand is better, doctor ? -
Yes, you’ll be able to play the piano.
That’s great because I couldn’t play the piano before !
 
6 Countable and uncountable nouns
apple, usw. können wir zählen. Sie haben eine Pluralform und können
mit Zahlen (und mit a oder can) benutzt werden: a cat,two children,
three boys, usw.
milk, , tea, water, usw. sind nicht zählbar. Sie haben keine Pluralform.
The water is cold.
We take milk with our tea.
The information was very important.
Swiss cheese is very popular in the USA.
Sie haben keine Einzahlform.
The police are looking for him.
These trousers are too small for me.
mit a lot of oder lots of oder some (Þ39) beschreiben:
Buy lots of bread and cheese for the party.
There are a lot of birds in our garden.
Sally drinks lots of milk.
We need some information.
- Bei nicht zählbaren Substantiven much:
How much bread do we need ?
We haven’t got much milk.
- Bei zählbaren Substantiven many:
How many children have they got ?
There aren’t many boys in our class.
a pair of jeans - two pairs of jeans
a glass of water- two glasses of water
a pound of cheese - two pounds of cheese
a slice of bread - two slices of bread
an item of information - two items of information
a bottle of milk - two bottles of milk
a cup of tea - two cups of tea
Sie können entweder zählbar oder unzählbar sein. Die Bedeutung ist aber anders:
- Cake ( unzählbar = Torte/ Kuchen, zählbar = Törtchen )
It’s a beautyful birthday cake. Would you like a piece?
Tom ate three pieces of birthday cake.
These cakes are nice. There are strawberry ones and cream ones.
Would you like one of the strawberry cakes?
Sally baked twenty cakes and gave them to her grandma.
- Chocolate
( unzählbar = Schokolade, zählbar = Pralinen )
I love chocolate. Can I have another piece?
Martin bought two bars of chocolate for the journey.
I love chocolates. Can I have another one?
Harry bought a big box of chocolates for his mother.
 
7 Each other
My dog and my cat often play with each other.
(Mein Hund und meine Katze spielen oft miteinander.)
Harry and Harriet love each other.
(Harry und Harriet lieben sich.)
We wash ourselves.
(Wir waschen uns)
We wash each other.
(Wir waschen uns gegenseitig.)
 
8 Either / Either ... or
I don’t like either dogs or cats.
(= Ich mag weder Hunde noch Katzen.)
Tom: I don’t like dogs.
Bill: I don’t like dogs either.
(= Ich mag Hunde auch nicht.)
 
9 Future forms
(Þ 30) , mit einer Zeitangabe benutzen um über zukünftige Pläne und Absichten zu sprechen.
Aunt Mary is arriving at 3.15.
I’m not playing football after school.
We’re visiting a friend in hospital on Saturday.
wie z. B. bei einem Terminplan, kannst du sogar die simple present-Form (Þ38) benutzen.
I get to the airport at 8.30.
My plane takes off at 9.15.
It lands in Berlin an hour later.
Then I take a taxi to the firm.
I meet Frau Schmidt there ar eleven o’clock.
im gesprochenen Englisch häufig vorkommen, werden sie nicht in allen Englischwerken erwähnt oder benutzt. Die Meinung, diese Anwendungen seien "schlechtes Englisch", geistert noch in manchen Köpfen herum. Wenn die Anwendungen als Futur in deinem Lehrwerk nicht vorkommen, solltest du sie sicherheitshalber auch vermeiden.
und Absichten sprechen:
I’m going to leave school when I’m 16.
I’m not going to work in a factory.
Mary is going to marry Alfred Biggles.
She isn’t going to be a nurse.
We are going to learn Spanish.
We aren’t going to invite the Watsons to our party.
How am I going to do that?
When is he going to arrive?
What are you going to do?
Oder wenn etwas gleich geschehen (oder nicht geschehen) wird
oder könnte:
The bus is full. It isn’t going to stop.
I’m going to fall off my bike!
I’m not going to swim in dirty water!
You’re going to win this game.
You aren’t going to like this.
Am I going to get an ice-cream?
Is it going to rain?
Are we all going to die?
stattfinden wird:
My train will arive at 6.45.
Mrs Baker won’t come today - she’s in hospital.
I’ve broken Dad’s new drill. He’ll be angry.
Du kannst damit auch spontan auf eine Situation reagieren:
I’m wet. - I’ll bring you a towel.
This cake is good. - Will you have another piece?

10 Genitive-s
This is Jeans bike.
My cousin’s name is Ted.
My cousins’ names are Bill and Alice.
It’s a child’s bake.
It’s the children’s dog.
Tom Smith’s mother is a nurse.
They live in her parents’ house
.
This is James’ bike.
 
11 Gerunds/-ing Form
eines Verbes und -ing gebildet: smoke - smoking.
Es wird als Nomen (Substantiv, Hauptwort) benutzt:
Smoking is forbidden. (= Das Rauchen ist verboten.)
- als Subjekt eines Satzes:
Fishing is my father’s favourite hobby.
- als Objekt eines Satzes:
My dad enjoys fishing.
- nach allen Präpositionen (Þ27):
Tom dreams of playing football for Manchester United.
I’m good at drawing and painting.
I’m fed up with watching TV
.
kannst du das Gerundium benutzen:
I’m looking forward to meeting you.
Wenn das to aber nicht zum Wort gehört (to die), wird das Gerundium nicht benutzt:
We’re dying to meet them!
My wife dislikes walking.
She always avoids walking.
Hier sind die häufigsten:
admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape,
finish, imagine, mind, miss, quit, practise, risk, suggest

 
kannst du entweder ein Gerundium oder to + Infinitiv benutzen:
I began writing a letter. I began to write a letter.
I hate stopping now. I hate to stop now.
I prefer walking. I prefer to walk.
I like swimming. I like to swim.
I love doing crosswords. I love to do crosswords.
She intends writing. She intends to write.
You can start cutting the grass. You can start to cut the grass.
They continue making mistakes. They continue to make mistakes.


Sätze bilden, die aber stilistisch tollpatschig wirken. Auf jeden Fall
solche Klopse vermeiden:
I intend stopping smoking.
(Besser: I intend to stop smoking.)
I intend to start to learn French.
(Besser: I intend to start learning French.)
I prefer to sail to swim.
(Unbedingt: I prefer sailing to swimming.)
forget, remember, stop
Man kann zwar entweder ein Gerundium oder to + Infinitiv benutzen.
Es gibt aber große Bedeutungsunterschiede:
Don’t forget to buy a newspaper.
(=Vergiss nicht eine Zeitung zu kaufen.)
She forgets buying a newspaper.
(=Sie erinnert sich nicht eine Zeitung gekauft zu haben.)
Please remember to buy some eggs.
(=Bitte denke daran, einige Eier zu kaufen.)
She remembers buying some eggs.
(=Sie erinnert sich daran, einige Eier gekauft zu haben.)
He stopped to breathe.
(Er hielt an, um zu atmen.)
He stopped breathing.
(Er hörte auf zu atmen.)
Also lieber gleich lernen, bevor du im Englischen jemanden unbeab-
sichtigt umbringst oder als vergesslichen Tölpel darstellst!
 
12 Going to-future
zukünftige Pläne und Absichten sprechen:
I’m going to buy a newspaper. I’m not going to buy a comic.
She’s going to play tennis. She isn’t going to play hockey.
We’re going to watch TV. We aren’t going to watch a video.
What is he going say ?
What am I going to wear his evening ?
What are you going to do after the game ?
ist aber gleich geschehen wird oder gleich geschehen könnte.
I’m going to turn left at the next traffic lights.
It’s going to rain.
Be careful! You’re going to fall off your bike.
Am I going to win the race ?
Are you going to be sick ?
 
13 Has/ Have
hast du immer die Wahl zwischen "have" und "have got" (Þ14).
- Einzahlformen:
I have a dog.
You have a cat.
He has a mouse.
She has a rabbit.
It has long ears.
- Mehrzahlformen:
We have a car.
You have your books.
They have a garden.
- Die einfachste ist:
I haven’t a red pen.
She hasn’t time now.
- Aber oft wird das simple present (Þ38) benutzt:
I don’t have a red pen.
She doesn’t have time now.
von have got/ has got), dann wird wahrscheinlich nur die simple
present
-Form bei Verneinungen benutzt.
Do you have an older brother? - Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Does he have a job? - Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
(Simple past Þ37; Present perfect Þ28)
 
14 Has got/ Have got
hast du immer die Wahl zwischen dem Verb have got und dem Verb
have (Þ13). Es gibt zwei Formen: has got, have got.
- Bei positiven Aussagen:
I’ve got a new watch.
You’ve got a good teacher.
He’s got an ice-cream.
She’s got blue eyes.
It’s got new tyres.
We’ve got a big house and a nice garden.
They’ve got a new teacher.
- Bei negativen Aussagen:
I haven’t got any money.
You haven’t got a bike.
He hasn’t got his exercice book.
She hasn’t got a brother.
It hasn’t got a cage.
We haven’t got any homework.
They haven’t got bikes.
formen werden nur bei negativen Kurzantworten benutzt:
Have I got your pen ? - Yes, you have./ No, you haven’t.
Have
you got a dog ? - Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.
Has
he got a camera ? - Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t.
Has
she got a pet ? - Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.
Has
it got a name ? - Yes, it has./ No, it hasn’t.
Have
we got Maths now ? - Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t.
Have
they got a new car ? - Yes, they have./ No, they haven’t.

15 If-sentences
If I save my pocket-money, I can buy a new CD player.
I can buy a new CD player if I save my pocket-money.
If I buy a ticket, I can go to the concert.
I can go to the concert if I buy a ticket.
Nebensatz (if-Teil) drückt eine Bedingung aus und der Hauptsatz
stellt eine mögliche Folge dar. Nur wenn du mit "if" anfängst, musst
du ein Komma setzen.
-Typ 1 hat folgendes Muster:
Steht im if-Teil simple present, folgt im Hauptsatz will, can, must ...
If you ask Tom, he’ll help you.
If you are nice, you can have a sweet.
If he stands still, they won’t see him
.
- Typ 2 hat folgendes Muster:
Steht im if-Teil simple past, folgt im Hauptsatz would, could ...
If you asked Tom, he would help you.
If you were nice, you could have a sweet.
If he stood still, they wouldn’t see him.
- Typ 3 hat folgendes Muster:
Steht im if-Teil past perfect, folgt im Hauptsatz would have, could
have ...
If you had asked Tom, he would have helped you.
If you had been nice, you could have had a sweet.
If he had stood still, they wouldn’t have seen him.
Teile verneinen:
If I hadn’t asked
, she would have told me.
= Wenn ich nicht gefragt hätte, hätte sie es mir (trotzdem) gesagt.
If I had asked, she wouldn’t have told me.
= (Auch) Wenn ich gefragt hätte, hätte sie es mir nicht gesagt.
If I hadn’t asked, she wouldn’t have told me.
= Wenn ich nicht gefragt hätte, hätte sie es mir nicht gesagt.
If I had asked, would she have told me ?
Would she have told me if I had asked ?
If I hadn’t asked, would she have told me ?
Would she have told me if I hadn’t asked ?
If I hadn’t asked, wouldn’t she have told me ?
Wouldn’t she have told me if I hadn’t asked ?
darin, wie wahrscheinlich es (aus deiner Sicht) ist, dass die im if-Teil
genannte Bedingung erfüllt wird. Vergleiche:
- Typ 1 (realer Bedingungssatz):
If you win the money, we can buy a car.
Die Erfüllung der Bedingung ist entweder möglich oder vielleicht
sogar wahrscheinlich.
- Typ 2 (irrealer Bedingungssatz):
If you won the money, we could buy a car.
Die Erfüllung der Bedingung erscheint jetzt weniger möglich oder
sogar unwahrscheinlich.
- Typ 3 (unmöglicher Bedingungssatz):
If you had won the Money, we could have bought a car.
Und jetzt ist es zu spät! Die Bedingung ist nicht mehr erfüllbar, weil
es bereits feststeht, dass du das Geld nicht gewonnen hast.
 
16 Irregular verbs
infinitive   simple past         past participle
(Infinitiv)   (Imperfekt/Präteritum)   (Partizip Perfekt)
___________________________________________________________

be     - was, were     - been
beat    - beat      - beaten
become    - became     - become
begin    - began     - begun
bet    - bet     - bet
bite     - bit      - bitten
break    - broke      - broken
bring     - brought      - brought
build     - built      - built
burn     - burnt      - burnt
buy    - bought      - bought
catch    - caught      - caught
choose     - chose      - chosen
come    - came      - come
cost    - cost      - cost
cut     - cut      - cut
dig     - dug      - dug
do     - did      - done
draw     - drew      - drawn
dream     - dreamt      - dreamt
drink    - drank      - drunk
drive    - drove      - driven
eat    - ate      - eaten
fall     - fell      - fallen
feed     - fed      - fed
feel     - felt      - felt
fight    - fought      - fought
find     - found      - found
fly     - flew      - flown
forget     - forgot      - forgotten
freeze     - froze      - frozen
get     - got      - got
give     - gave      - given
go     w- ent      - gone
grow     - grew      - grown
hang     - hung      - hung
have    - had      - had
hear     - heard      - heard
hide    - hid      - hidden
hit    - hit     hit
hold    - held      - held
hurt    - hurt      - hurt
keep     - kept      - kept
know     - knew      - known
lead     - led     l - ed
learn     - learnt      - learnt
leave     - left      - left
lend     - lent      - lent
let    - let      - let
lie (liegen)     - lay      - lain
light    - lit      - lit
lose     - lost      - lost
make     - made      - made
mean     - meant (ment)      - meant (ment)
meet    - met      - met
pay    - paid      - paid
put     - put      - put
read    - read (red)      - read (red)
ride     - rode      - ridden
ring    - rang      - rung
run     - ran     - run
say     - said (sed)      - said (sed)
see     - saw      - seen
sell    - sold      - sold
send     - sent      - sent
set     - set      - set
shake     - shook      - shaken
shine    - shone      - shone
shoot    - shot      - shot
show     - showed      - shown
shut     - shut      - shut
sing     - sang      - sung
sink    - sank     - sunk
sit     - sat      - sat
sleep    - slept      - slept
speak    - spoke      - spoken
spend     - spent      - spent
split     - split      - split
spread     - spread      - spread
stand    - stood      - stood
steal     - stole      - stolen
stick     - stuck      - stuck
swear     - swore     - sworn
sweep     - swept      - swept
swim     - swam      - swum
swing     - swung     - swung
take     - took      - taken
teach    - taught      - taught
tear     - tore      - torn
think    - thought      - thought
throw     - threw      - thrown
understand    - understood      - understood
wake    - woke      - woken
wear     - wore      - worn
win     - won      - won
write     - wrote      - written
 
17 Modal verbs

Folgende Verben sind Modalverben: can, could, may, might, must,
mustn’t, needn’t, should
. Die Form (Modalverb + Infinitiv/Grund-
form) ist bei allen Fürwörtern (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) gleich.
Can I help in the kitchen, Dad ? - Yes, you can wash up.
Could I have a glass of water, please ? - OK.
May I have another cup of tea, please ? - Yes, certainly.
Jane must take the fog for a walk. It’s her turn.
She needn’t bring any money.
Mr Travers could see the red car in front of him.
Be careful! You might have an accident.
Might I make a suggestion ?
He must try to work more carefully.
We must stay at home and do our homework.
You mustn’t come into the living room in your dirty shoes!
You should eat slowly.
You shouldn’t talk with mouth full!
Vorsicht bei folgenden Modalverben:
- Can (Þ5):
Es gibt zwei Vergangenheitsformen - could und was/were able to.
Could wird außerdem auch für höfliche Bitten und Aufforderungrn
benutzt. Die Zukunft wird mit will be able to gebildet.
I could read when I was three years old.
I was able to ride a bike when I was four years old.
We couldn’t see the boat because of the fog.
We weren’t able to brake in time to avoid the lorry.
Could I have another cup of tea , please ?
- Must, Have to, Have got to (Þ18):
Alle drei Formen bedeuten "müssen, verpflichtet sein". Du kannst
aber alle drei Formen nur in der simple present-Form benutzen. Für andere Zeiten und Aussagen musst du Formen von have to nehmen:
You must write a letter.
You will have to write a letter.
- Must + not:
Die Verneinung bedeutet "nicht dürfen" und nicht "nicht müssen".
You mustn’t forget to post the letters.
(Du darfst nicht vergessen, die Briefe einzuwerfen.)
Wenn du "nicht müssen" sagen willst, musst du es so sagen:
I don’t have to take the dog for a walk today.
And I take the dig for a walk yesterday either.
Sally doesn’t have to clean her room.
And she didn’t have to clean it yesterday either.
- Need:
In positiven Sätzen musst du to bei anderen Verben benutzen:
I need to get up early tomorrow morning.
I need to save £ 36 for a new CD player.
Bei der Verneinung wird to nocht verwendet:
I needn’t get up early tomorrow morning.
I needn’t clean my shoes today.

18 Must/Have to/Have got to
- Bei have to wird immer die Langform benutzt:
I have to help in the shop on Saturdays.
She has to do her homework in the kitchen.
Have I to clean my room now? (
Oder: Do I have to clean...)
Has she to go to the shops every day? (
Oder: Does she have to go... )
-
Bei have got to kann bei Aussagen die Kurzform benutzt werden:
I’ve got to help in the kitchen.
She’s got to work in the garden.
He’s got to do this exercise again.
We’ve got to see Mrs Brompton after school.
You’ve got to sit next to Wendy.
They’ve got to bring in some old magazines.

We mustn’t go. (= Wir dürfen nicht gehen.)

- Bei have to:
I don’t have to buy a newspaper today.
And Sally does’t have to buy one either.
- Bei have got to:
I haven’t got to buy a newspaper today.
And Sally hasn’t got to buy one either.
von have to benutzt:
I had to close the window.
She had to wash her hair.
Did they have to wash the car again?
I didn’t have to close the window.
She didn’t have to wash her hair.
Didn’t they have to wash the car again?

19 Negation
have got, will im positiven Satz enthalten ist. Du brauchst nur not
(kurz: = -n’t) direkt dahinterzusetzen.
Bob is very friendly. - Bob isn’t very friendly.
The Watsons are from York. The Watsons aren’t from York.
I’ve gor calculator. - I haven’t got a calculator.
I can see Tom. - I can’t see Tom.
We could swim well. - We couldn’t swim well.
Beachte:
Tom will go tomerrow. - He won’t go today.
Alice likes cats. - Alice doesn’t like cats.
We wear a school uniform. - we don’t wear a school uniform.
They went to London. - They didn’t go to London.
I understand her. - I don’t understand her.
We need a hammer. - We don’t need a hammer.
You must go no. - You needn’t go no.
You may go no. - You mustn’t go no.
Die Verneinung mit do ist aber üblicher:
I haven’t any money.
I don’t have any money.
She hasn’t any friends.
She doesn’t have any friends.
 
20 Participle sentences
- Das Partizip Präsens (present participle) wird wie eine -ing-Form
(Þ11) gebildet: asking, telling, selling, buying, usw.
-Das Partizip Perfekt (past participle) wird wie die 3. Form des
Verbs gebildet: asked, told, sold, bought. Das Partizip Perfekt hat eine
passive Bedeutung (Þ 21).
The boy who is playing with Jill is my brother.
= The boy playing with Jill is my brother.
This is the painting that was sold for
£1 , 000 , 000.
= This is the painting sold for
£1 , 000 , 000.
After she had written the letters, she went to the post box.
= After writing the letters, she went to the post box.
She did her homework before she watched TV.
= She did her homework before watching TV.
Because she felt ill, Mrs White stayed at home.
= Feeling ill, Mr White stayed at home.
As soon as I saw the fire, I ran to a phone box and dialled 999.
= Seeing the fire, I ran to a phone box and dialled 999.

21 Passives
Car factories make cars.
Wir erfahren, was das Subjekt (car factories) macht.
Cars are made in car factories.
Wir erfahren, was mit dem Subjekt (cars) gemacht wurde.
Du sollst eine Passiv-Form benutzen, wenn das Subjekt (der ,,Täter")
entweder unbekannt oder dir unwichtig ist.
Meals are eaten in the canteen.
(Statt: People/Pupils/...eat their meals in the canteen.)
This computer is used by Class 8B.
(Statt: Class 8B uses this computer.)
- Die Gegenwart (present tense) mit am/is/are + 3. Form des Verbs
(Partizip Perfekt Þ16):
Is your dog called "Spot’’?-
No, my dog is called "Monster’’!
Are the books kept here?-
No, they’re kept in that cupboard.
Are lions found in Europe?-
No, they’re found in Africa.
- Die simple past-Form (Þ37) mit was/were + 3. Form des Verbs:
Was the money stolen from your coat?-
No, the money was stolen from my car.
Were the thieves caught?-
No, they were caught by the police. They money was discovered in a bag. It was returned to me.

- Die present perfect-Form (Þ28) mit hase/have been + 3. Form des Verbs:
My Grandma has been taken to hospital.-
Has she been taken to the Northside General Hospital?
Sue and Ellen have been invited to the TV studio in Manchester.-
Have they been given tickets for the train?
Have the dogs been fed? - Yes, they have.
- Die past perfect- Form (Þ22) mit had been + 3. Form des Verbs.
Diese Zeitform wird oft zusammen mit der simple past- Form benutzt:
When Inspector Babcock entered the room he saw that the carpet had been cleaned. The glasses had been washed. The clairs had been moved. But not all the evidence had been destroyed! A glove had been found under the sofa. It had been forgotten.
3. Form des Verbs:
The video camera must be returned to Room 415.
Tickets for the concert can be bought at the bookshop.
Strange things may be seen there after midnight.
She is what might be called "lucky’’.
An old shoe could be seen under the bed.
(z.B. believe, claime, expect, say, report, think, understand)gebildet.
Tom is said to be a computer expert.
It is believed to be the oldest steam engine in Britain.
Dinosaurs are understood to be extinct.
A monster is reported to be living in Loch Ness.
The Titanic was tought to be unsinkable.
Dragons were tought to be real animals.

Diese Formen des Passivs kannst du benutzen um Meinungen wiederzugeben, ohne sie als deine eigenen auszugeben. Im Deutschen würdest du solche Sätze wahrscheinlich mit ,,sollen" und/oder ,,angeblich" bilden.

22 Past perfect
Sie wird mit had und der dritten Form des Verbs
(Partizip Perfekt Þ16) gebildet:
I had spoken. (= Ich hatte gesprochen.)
Alle Personen haben die selbe Form.
Sie wird deswegen sehr oft zusammen mit der simple past-Form benutzt:
I saw that my bike had disappeared.
She ran to the station, but the train had gone.
I hadn’t written a letter to Aunt Mabel.
Had she seen them yet?
Had you known her before the party?
 
23 Past perfect progressive
(Þ37) benutzt:
When I met Dave, he had been waiting for over 40 minutes.
I told the police that at 5.30 I had been taking the dog for a walk.
Diese Zeitform macht Folgendes deutlich: man befindet sich in der Vergangenheit (I met/told) und bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hat etwas, was schon vorher begonnen hatte, noch angedauert (... had been waiting/
taking ...).
I hadn’t been waiting more than two minutes when a bus arrived.
Had they been playing tennis all afternoon?
Diese Verben werden gewöhnlich nicht in der Verlaufsform benutzt:
be, believe, know, like, mean, notice, see, seem, want, wish.
 
 
 
24 Past progressive
kannst du Handlungen beschreiben, die zum Zeitpunkt der Erzählung/ des Berichtes noch im Gange waren. Sie wird oft zusammen mit der simple past-Form (Þ37) benutzt.
When I saw her, she was walking home from school.
When I visited Tom, he was repairing his bike.
Jane was working in the garden all day last Sunday.
They were playing computer games yesterday evening.
Where were you staying during your holidays last summer?
be, believe, know, like, mean, notice, see, seem, want, wish.
 
25 Plurals
- Die meisten Hauptwörter bilden die Mehrzahl mit -s:
boy - boys, house - houses, eye - eyes, cow - cows
- Auch die meisten Nomen, die mit "o’’ enden:
biro - biros, photo - photos, video - videos
(Merke dir diese Ausnahmen: hero - heroes, potato - potatoes,
tomato - tomatoes.
)
- Endet das Nomen mit einem Zischlaut (-s, -sh, -x, -z):
class - classes, watch - watches, bus - buses, sandwich - sandwiches,
beach - beaches
- Endet das Nomen mit einem Konsonanten + "y’’:
hobby - hobbies, family - families, country - countries
(Aber nicht bei Vokal + "y’’: boy - boys, chimney - chimneys.)
- Endet das Nomen mit -f oder -fe:
scarf - scarves, thief - thieves, knife - knives, wife - wives,
wolf - wolves
(Es gibt aber einige Ausnahmen: chief -chiefs, roof - roofs,
child - children, man - men, mouse - mice, woman - women
Diese Wörter solltest du lernen, weil sie häufig vorkommen:
bison (Bison, Büffel), caribou (Karibu), gopher (Ziesel), fish (Fisch),
moose (Elch), salmon (Lachs, Salm), sheep (Schaf)
clothes, jeans, police, tights, trousers. Sie werden als Plural benutzt:
Her new clothes are very expensive.
The police are looking for three men in a red van.
These trousers are too long. I don’t like them. I’d like a pair of jeans.
 
26 Prefixes
Hier sind die häufigsten:
- "un-’’:
happy - unhappy (= unglücklich)
exciting - unexciting (= nicht aufregend)
friedly - unfriendly (= unfreundlich9
healthy - unhealthy (= ungesund)
important - unimportant (= unwichtig)
interesting - uninteresting (= uninteressant)
lucky - unlucky (= glücklos)
natural - unnatural (= unnatürlich)
necessary - unnecessary (= unnötig)
pleasant - unpleasant (= unangenehm)
popular - unpopular (= unbeliebt)
safe - unsafen (= unsicher)
tidy - untidy (= unordentlich)
usual - unusual (= ungewöhnlich)
 
-"in-’’:
accurate - inaccurate (= ungenau)
correct - incorrect (= unrichtig, fehlerhaft)
efficient - inefficient (= unwirksam)
expensive - inexpensive (= nicht teuer)
famous - infamous (= berühmt - infam, berüchtigt)
sensitive - insensitive (= unempfindlich, gefühllos)
tolerant - intolerant (= unduldsam, intolerant)
 
-"im-’’:
perfect - imperfect (= unvollkommen)
possible - impossible (= unmöglich)
 
-"non-’’.
automatic - non-automatic (= nicht automatisch)
electric - non-electric (= nicht elektrisch)
essential - non-essential (= unwesentlich)
-"mis-’’:
calculate - miscalculate (= falsch berechnen)
behave - misbehave (= sich schlecht benehmen)
conceive - misconceive (= falsch auffassen)
govern - misgovern (= schlecht reagieren)
judge - misjudge (= ungerecht beurteilen)
place - misplace (= verlegen)
pronounce - mispronounce (= falsch aussprechen)
understand - misunderstand (= falsch verstehen)
-"dis-’’:
able - disable (= untauglich, unbrauchbar machen)
agree - disagree (= nicht übereinstimmen mit)
appear - disappear (= verschwinden)
approve - disapprove (= missbilligen)
arm - disarm (= entwaffnen)
believe - disbelieve (= bezweifeln, nicht glauben)
connect - disconnect (= elektr.: ausschalten, trennen)
infect - disinfect (= desinfizieren)
like - dislike (= nicht mögen, nicht leiden können)
 
27 Prepositions
Die häufigsten sind:
They were talking about him. (über, von)
Let’s meet at five o’clock. (um)
There’s a car park behind the station. (hinter)
Go down Vine Street. (entlang)
She looked down.
(hinunter)
The post office is in George Street. (in, im)
The teacher walked into the room. (in ... hinein)
They live near the school. (in der Nähe von)
I sit next to Jill Sanders. (neben)
Your book is on the table. (auf)
The museum is opposite the library. (gegenüber)
She goes out every evening. (aus)
Dad took us to the zoo. (zu, zum)
John drove to Edinburgh. (nach)
The dog is under the table. (unter)
The cat climbed up the tree. (hinauf)
I’ll come with you. (mit)
Alice was with a friend. (mit ... zusammen)
She left without her coat. (ohne)
I’ll be back within an hour. (innerhalb)
There’s a shop at the end of the road. (am Ende)
Tom sits at the back of the class. (hinten)
I always sit at the front of the bus. (vorne)
There’s a bike in front of the car. (vor)
He took something out of a bag. (aus . . . hinaus)
We played football in spite of the rain. (trotz)

28 Present perfect
Sie wird mit have und der dritten Form des Verbs (eat - ate - eaten ) gebildet:
I have eaten. (Ich habe gegessen.)
benutzt, um etwas zu beschreiben, das bis in die Gegenwart hinein dauert.
We have lived in Leeds since we left London.
We haven’t been back there since we left ten years ago.
My mother has worked there for ten years.
But she hasn’t enjoyed it for the last year or so.
Bill has finished his meal.
Sally hasn’t finished her meal.
Have Mr and Mrs Connor finished their meal?
Bill has just finished his meal.
Sally hasn’t finished her meal yet.
Have Mr and Mrs Connor finished their meal yet?
ever, just, never, often, sometimes, usually.
oder unregelmäßig (Þ16).
(Gegenwart) oder das Perfekt benutzen:
Frau Rinne hat seit vielen Jahren hier gewohnt.
Frau Rinne wohnt seit vielen Jahren hier.
Aber im Englischen hast du keine Wahl. Du musst die present
perfect
-Form benutzen:
Mr Mills has lived here for many years.
Lee Quan has lived in New York since 1996.
 
29 Present perfect progressive
Mr Short has been waiting here for two hours.
(Und er wartet immer noch!)
Barry and Jane have been doing their homework since 6.15.
(Und sie tun sie immer noch!)
Tom hasn’t been trying very hard this year.
You haven’t been listening to me.
Has she been wearing her new jeans?
Have you been talking to Sarah Watts?
be, believe, know, like, mean, notice, see, seem, want, wish
 
30 Present progressive
I’m watching TV. I’m not reading.
She’s standing. She isn’t sitting.
You’re trying hard. You aren’t making silly mistakes.
We’re writing. We aren’t talking.
Am I cooking breakfast today?
Is he playing in the garden?
Are we washing up again?
Are they running or walking?
I’m flying to Spain tomorrow.
Mary is playing hockey on Saturday.
We’re driving to London this afternoon.
I’m meeting Mary at 2.30 in front of the town hall.
Are you walking to school tomorrow?
cry - crying, say - saying, buy - buying, think - thinking
-Das stumme -e am Ende eines Verbs fällt weg:
come - coming, drive - driving, give - giving
(Ebenso: hate, give, leave, like, love, make, shine, skate, smile, take, use, write, usw.)
-Nach einem kurzem, betonten Vokal (a, e, i, o, u) wird der Endkonsonant verdoppelt:
clap - clapping, get - getting, hit - hitting, put - putting, run -
running, sit - sitting, swim - swimming
-Die Endung -ie eines Verbs wird zu -y:
die - dying, lie - lying
be, believe, know, like, mean, notice, see, seem, want, wish

31 Pronouns
I’m thirteen. He works hard. She’s very nice. It can’t swim.
We are 11. You are 12. They are 13.
My mother is a nurse.
Your brother was here.
His dog is clever.
Her bike is broken.
Its ears are long.
Our house is too small.
Your books are in the cupboard.
Their car is too old.
It’s a dangerous animal (= it is.).
Its mouth is big
(= sein ...).
This pen is yours. (Statt: This pen is your pen.)
Whose dog is it?
- It’s theirs. (Statt: It’s their dog.)
her, him, it, us, them benutzt.
Can you help me? Is this for me?
Take her to the beach. Please talk to her.
Let’s ask him. Give this book to him.
Let’s watch it. Who is playing with it?
Tell us a story. Come with us.
Did you see them? Let’s sit next to them.
She saw herself in the mirror. (Sie sah sich im Spiegel.)
I was there myself. (Betonung: Ich war selber dort.)
Personalpronomen Possessivpronomen Reflexivpronomen
Subjekt Objekt  -       Subjekt Objekt
I, me   -     my, mine  -    myself
you, you    -    your, yours  -    yourself
he, him    -    his, his   -   himself
she, her    -    her, hers   -   herself
it, it     -   its, its   -   itself
we, us    -    our, ours   -   ourselves
you, you    -    your, yours   -   yourselves
they, them    -    their, theirs  -    themselves

32 Prop-word one
The green skirt is OK, but I prefer the blue one. (Statt skirt.)
I’ve made some sandwiches. Would you like one? (Statt a sandwich.)
Do you like dogs? - Yes, but only friendly ones. (Statt dogs.)
 
33 Questions
-Be (Þ4)
Is Dad home yet? Are you thirsty? Am I OK?
Was she at home? Were they in your class?
Has she been ill? Have they been here?
Had she been ill? Had you been there before?
-Can/Could (Þ5)
Can I come? Can you tell us a story?
Could you swim like that? Could I borrow your felt-tip, please?
-Have got (Þ14)
Have we got enough time? Has it got long ears and a tail?
Vorsicht bei have (Þ13)
Do we have enough time? Does it have long ears and a tail?
-Have got to (Þ18)
Have we got to go now? Has she got to come?
Vorsicht bei have to(Þ18)
Do we got to go now? Does she have to come?
-May/Might
May I
leave the room please? May we ride your bike?
Might I make a suggestion? Might he be right?
-Must (Þ18)
Must you make that noise? Must I go to bed now?
-Shall/Should
Shall I
talk to him? Shall we go now?
Should you park here? Should I wear the grey pullover?
-Will (Þ42)
Will they win the game? Will he be angry?
-Would
Would you
open the door for me, please? Would it eat a sausage?
Do you like fish and chips?
Does your sister go to the disco?
Did you write a letter to your grandma?
-Als Objekt (wen, was, wem) der Frage musst du ein Hilfsverb benutzen:
What are you doing, Ann?
What do you do at the weekend?
Who is Alice talking to?
Who does this pen belong to?
-Als Subjekt (wer, was) der Frage brauchst du kein Hilfsverb:
Who took my bag?
What happened at Julia’s party?
Vergleiche:
Who do you like? = Wen ...?
Who likes you? = Wer ...?
(Þ37,38)

34 Question tags
It’s your birthday today, isn’t it?
Mr. Mills is nice, isn’t he?
Linda is a good runner, isn’t she?
They’re both teachers, aren’t they?
It isn’t your birthday today, is it?
Mr. Mills isn’t nice, is he?
Linda isn’t a good runner, is she?
They aren’t both teachers, are they?
Let’s watch a film, shall we?
There’s a good film on TV, isn’t there?
You were at the party, weren’t you?
You don’t like football, do you?
You can play the piano, can’t you?
She hasn’t done her homework, has she?
I helped you in the garden, didn’t I?
I’m a clever boy, aren’t I?
(Weil kein Mensch "amn’t I" aussprechen könnte!)
(Sarkastisch, weil du nicht wirklich glaubst, daß er klug ist.)

35 Relative sentences
I bought the red dress, which was the most expensive.
I talked to the Ritters, who come from Halle in Germany.

Für Sachen benutzt du which. Für Personen who. Vor jenen Wörtern mußt du ein Komma setzen.

I liked the computer game that/which Harry showed me.
Hillary and Tensing were the man who/that first climbed Everest.
Es sind "bestimmende" Relativsätze. Auf Englisch heißen sie defining relative sentences. Für Sachen benutzt du that oder which und für Personen who oder that. Diese Wörter sind Relativpronomen. Sie werden ohne Komma verwendet.
The girl (who/that) I love comes from Halle.
The clothes (which/that)we saw in the boutique were too expensive.
- Relative sentence:
Marion, who loved Robin Hood, was a lady.
- Defining relative sentence (hier liebt die Frau):
The woman who loved Robin Hood was called Marion.
- Contact clause (hier liebt der Mann):
The woman (who) Robin Hood loved was called Marion.
Mrs Scott is the woman whose daughter is a famous tennis player.
The watch whose strap was broken belongs to Jill Edmonds.

36 Reported speech
Tom: "I’m going to London tomorrow.
Tom Says that he’s going to London tomorrow.
She (Mrs Baker) asks them (Bill and Carol) to help her carry the bags.
Harry: "I want an ice-cream."
Harry said that he wanted an ice-cream.
Alice: "I wanted a new bike."
Alice told us that she had wanted a new bike.
Mrs Davies: "Where is Tommy Rogers?"
Mrs Davies asked where Tommy Rogers was.
Bob and Alice: "How did you do it?"
Bob and Alice asked us how we had done it.
Jean: "Wendy, can you help me?"
Jean asks Wendy if she can help her.
Jean asks Wendy whether she can help her.
Mr Gates: "Do you want another sandwich, Mary?"
Mr Gates asked Mary if she wanted another sandwich.
Paul: "Have you eaten my hamburger?"
Paul asked me if I had eaten his hamburger.
Trudy: "I bought some new CDs yesterday."
Trudy told us that she had bought some new CDs the day before.
direkte Rede     indirekte Rede
simple present     simple past
present progressive     past progressive
simple past     past perfect
past progressive     past perfect progressive
present perfect     past perfect
present perfect progressive     past perfect progressive
past perfect   
bleibt   past perfect
will-future     would
am/is/are going to     was/were going to
would     would have
would have   
bleibt   would have
can     could
may     might
today     on that day
tomorrow     the next day
yesterday     the day before
last week/month/ ...     the week/ ... before
next week/ ...     the following week/ ...
... days ago     ... days before
now     then
here     there
this     that
these     those
Mr Welsh: "Please carry these books for me, Mark."
Mr Welsh asked Mark to carry some books for him.
Mrs Bagley: "Now listen you two! Play quietly."
Mrs Bagley told them to play quietly.
Mrs Clarke: "Don’t do that again, Wendy."
Mrs Clarke told Wendy not to do it again/never to do it again.

37 Simple past
The factory closed last year.
an hour ago; a week/month/year ago
in 1996/in 1854/ ...
last Wednesday/week/April/summer/ ...
yesterday/the day before yesterday
When
I walked to school yesterday.
She talked to Mrs Brown.
We visited Grandma last week.
- Verben mit "e" am Ende
arrive - arrived, die - died, hate - hated, like - liked, live - lived, smile - smiled, wave - waved
- Verben mit einem Konsonanten + "y" am Ende
carry - carried, cry - cried, hurry - hurried, marry - married, try - tried
- Verben, bei denen der Endkonsonant nach einem kurzen, betonten Vokal (a, e, i, o, u) verdoppelt wird:
drop - dropped, knit - knitted, plan - planned, rob - robbed, stop - stopped, travel - travelled
Andere Vergangenheitsformen sind unregelmäßig. Die Form ist aber auch bei allen Fürwörtern (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) gleich.
I bought a newspaper this morning (You/He/She/We/They bought ...)
He heard the news on television.
She told me a good joke this morning.
We saw Tom at the bus stop today.
They spoke to their teacher about it.
Du solltest die unregelmäßigen Verben (Þ 16) am besten alle auswendig lernen.
Bei negativen Aussagen und Fragen mußt du did bzw. didn’t mit der Grundform des Verbs benutzen.
I didn’t see Tom at school.
She didn’t dance.
They didn’t go to the cinema.
You didn’t do your homework.
Did you see Tom?
Did she dance?
Did they go to the cinema?
Did you do your homework?
I was at school yesterday. He was .... . She was .... . It was ... .
You were happy. We were ... . They were ... .
I wasn’t at school yesterday. They weren’t happy.
Was Alice at the party? Were you hungry?
- Hier sind sie das Subjekt eines Satzes:
Who saw Peter? - Tom (did).
What killed the bird? - The cat (did).
-
Hier sind sie das Objekt eines Satzes:
Who did Tom see? - Peter.
What did the cat kill? - The bird.
(Þ 33,38)

38 Simple present
I come here every day.
You come here every night.
He comes here every week.
She comes here every month.
It comes here every Tuesday.
We come here every morning.
They come here every afternoon.
take - takes, hurry - hurries, catch - catches
I often play basketball.
You usually sit next to Jane.
He sometimes buys a magazine.
She never watches horror films.
We sometimes sit and read.
They often take their little brother with them.
They always travel by bus.
We live in Brompton Road.
My parents own a restaurant.
I collect butterflies.
I don’t play tennis.
You don’t read comics.
He doesn’t walk to school.
She doesn’t go to the disco.
It doesn’t eat meat.
We don’t use a computer.
They don’t talk to me.
Do I need an umbrella? - Yes, you do./No, you don’t.
Do you collect stamps? - Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Does he like dogs? - Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
Does it do tricks? - Yes, it does./No, it doesn’t.
Do we have Maths homework? - Yes, we do./No, we don’t.
Do they sell stamps? - Yes, they do./No, they don’t.
Who sits next to you, Tom? - Sally.
Who does Sally sit next to? - Tom.
What animals eat mice? - Cats.
What animals do cats eat? - Mice.
Dad always takes the dog for a walk on Saturday mornings. First he goes to the shop and buys a newspaper. Then he walks to the baker’s and buys some bread rolls. After that he comes and makes our breakfast.
(Þ 9) Du kannst über Fahrpläne und Termine sprechen.
The bus comes at 7.30. You find a seat and then wait quietly until everybody is on. The bus leaves at 7.40. The journey takes two hours. We don’t stop for breakfast. We arrive at about 9.40.
39 Some/Any
I’ve got some biscuits and some cheese.
I haven’t got any tomatoes.
Have you got any tomatoes?
- In positiven Sätzen:
I can hear something. (= etwas)
I saw somebody/someone. (= jemand)
It’s here somewhere. (= irgendwo)
- in verneinten Sätzen:
I didn’t say anything. (= nichts)
I don’t know anybody/anyone. (= niemand, keinen/keine/keines)
I can’t see them anywhere. (= nirgendwo)

40 Suffixes
- ein Verb in ein Nomen verwandeln:
invent - invention (= erfinden, Erfindung)
define - definition (= genau bestimmen, genaue Bestimmung)
confirm - confirmation (= bestätigen, bestätigung)
drive - driver (= fahren, Fahrer)
act - actor (ein Rolle spielen, Schauspieler/-in)
mean - meaning (= bedeuten, Bedeutung)
move - movement (bewegen, Bewegung)
happy - happiness (= glücklich, Glück
- ein Nomen in ein Adjektiv verwandeln:
industry - industrial (= Industrie - industriell)
beauty - beautiful (= Schönheit - schön)
hope - hopeful (= Hoffnung - hoffnungsvoll)
hope - hopeless (= Hoffnung - hoffnungslos)
fun - funny (= Spaß - lustig)
slow - slowly, lucky - luckily
41 Used to
Dad and I went fishing.
(= Wir sind angeln gegangen und könnten es wieder tun.)
Dad and I used to go fishing.
(= Wir sind angeln gegangen aber jetzt könne wir es nie wieder.)
Did you use to wear long dresses when you were a girl, Grandma?

42 Will-future
The library will close at 6.30.
I’m late and now I’ll miss my bus.
Our team will win this time!
We hope that we’ll get tickets for the match.
Don’t give him any money. He’ll only buy something silly.
You’ll be in big trouble if you do that again!
I’m hungry. - I’ll make you something to eat.
It’s cold here. I’ll close the window.
Will you have another cup of tea?
Don’t ask her, she won’t know the answer.
I won’t buy a newspaper today.
Will you invite Tim to your party?
Won’t you have another biscuit, Mrs James?

43 Word order
Subjekt Verb Objekt
Tom likes hamburgers.
Jane is playing with Tarzan.
My parents cant’t understand Chinese.
So kannst du es dir merken: SVO = Straßenverkehrsordnung.
My parents come from Edinburgh. They left Edinburgh in 1988.
So kannst du es dir merken: O vor Z, wie im Alphabet.
Sie stehen immer vor einem Vollverb:
I often clear the table. Janet usually washes the dishes.
Aber sie stehen immer hinter be oder einem Hilfsverb:
Fred is never late. He doesn’t usually miss the bus.
They go to Spain every year.
I walk to school every day.
We’ve had soup for dinner five times this week.
His computer is new and very fast.
I didn’t watch all the films because it was boring.
She’s good at Maths, but not so good at Music.
I don’t like computers or computer games.
She gave me her phone number so I phoned her.
I was alking down Clive Road when the accident happened.
I like dogs. I like cats, too.
Something was wrong, the house was too quiet.
Please don’t play too loudly.
I like dogs. I also like cats.
Please go to the supermarket and buy some eggs.
Go to the supermarket and buy some eggs, please.